Everything about Protein Subunit totally explained
In
structural biology, a
protein subunit or
subunit protein is a single
protein molecule that assembles (or "
coassembles") with other protein molecules to form a
multimeric or
oligomeric protein. Many naturally-occurring proteins and
enzymes are multimeric. Examples include:
oligomeric:
hemoglobin,
DNA polymerase,
nucleosomes and
multimeric:
ion channels,
microtubules and other
cytoskeloton proteins. The subunits of a
multimeric protein may be identical,
homologous or totally dissimilar and dedicated to disparate tasks. In some protein assemblies, one subunit may be referred to as a "
regulatory subunit" and another as a "
catalytic subunit." An enzyme composed of both regulatory and catalytic subunits when assembled is often referred to as a
holoenzyme.One subunit is made of one
polypeptide chain. A polypeptide chain has one
gene coding for it - meaning that a protein must have one gene for each subunit.
A subunit is often named with a Greek or Roman letter, and the numbers of this type of subunit in a protein is indicated by a subscript. For example,
ATP synthase has a type of subunit called α. Three of these are present in the ATP synthase molecule, and is therefore designated α
3. Larger groups of subunits can also the specified, like α
3β
3-hexamer and c-ring.
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